Tugas PK BAB 7

TUGAS PENGENALAN KOMPUTER BAB 7

++The Google Guys Search for Success

ü  Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW.

Ø  Search for Web pages, facts, quotes, etc.

Ø  200 million queries a day

ü  Launched by a Sergey Brin and
Larry Page (Stanford Ph.D. students)

Ø  New approach in search technology

Ø  Marks a page’s relevance by the number of times other related web pages link to it, not how often a word or phrase appeared on a page

ü  Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW.

Ø  Search for Web pages, facts, quotes, etc.

Ø  200 million queries a day

ü  Launched by a Sergey Brin and
Larry Page (Stanford Ph.D. students)

Ø  New approach in search technology

Ø  Marks a page’s relevance by the number of times other related web pages link to it, not how often a word or phrase appeared on a page

++DATABASE

What Good Is a Database?

ü  A database:

Ø  A collection of information
stored on computer disks

ü  Database software:

Ø  Application software
(like word processing and
spreadsheet software)

Ø  Designed to maintain databases
(collections of information)

               

The Electronic File Cabinet: Database Basics

ü  Advantages offered by computerized databases:

Ø  Make it easier to store large quantities of information

Ø  Make it easier to retrieve information quickly and flexibly

Ø  Make it easy to organize and reorganize information

Ø  Make it easy to print and distribute information in a variety of ways

Database Anatomy

ü  Database program: a software tool for organizing the storage and retrieval of information

ü  Database: a collection of information stored in an organized form in a computer

Ø  Typically composed of one or more tables

q  A collection of related information

q  A collection of records

               

Database Operations

ü  Import: receive data in the form of text files

ü  Browse: navigate through information

ü  Query: find records that match specific criteria

               

++Database Management Systems

From File Managers to Database Management Systems

ü  File manager: enables users to work with one file at a time

ü  Database management system (DBMS): manipulates data in a large collection of files, cross-referencing between files as needed

Database Trends

ü  Batch processing: users accumulate transactions and input them into the computer in large batches

ü  Real-Time computing: allows instant access to information

ü  Interactive processing: has replaced batch processing for most applications

Ø  Users can now interact with data through terminals, viewing and changing values online in real-time.

Ø  Batch processing is still used for jobs in which it makes sense to do a lot of transactions at once.

ü  Databases and the Web

Ø  Information is available via a company’s Intranet and the Internet.

Ø  HTML, the language used to construct most Web pages, wasn’t designed to build database queries.

Ø  XML, a newer, more powerful data description language, is designed with industrial-strength database access in mind.

Ø  Web database strategies revolve around directories.

Ø  Directories are at the heart of many customer relationship management (CRM) systems—software systems for organizing and tracking information on customers.

               

Tugas PK BAB 6

PENGENALAN KOMPUTER BAB 6

++ Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia

Painting: Bitmapped Graphics

ü  Painting software:

Ø  Paints pixels on the screen with a

                pointing device

Ø  Pointer movements are translated

                into lines and patterns on the screen

Ø  Stores an image at 300

                dots per inch or higher

• Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that make up images on the screen
• Palette of tools mimics real-world painting tools
• Also contains other tools that are unique to computers
• Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics): pictures that show how the pixels are mapped on the screen
• Color depth: the number of bits devoted to each pixel
• Resolution: the density of the pixels

ü  Digital photo management software programs such as Apple iPhoto and Microsoft PictureIt! simplify and automate common tasks associated with capturing, organizing, editing, and sharing digital images.

ü  Bit-mapped painting (pixels) gives you these advantages:

ü  More control over textures, shading, and fine detail

ü  Appropriate for screen displays, simulating natural paint media, and embellishing photographs

++ 3-D Modeling Software

ü  Used to create three-dimensional objects with tools similar to those in drawing software

ü  Goal for some applications: to create an animated presentation on a computer screen or videotape

ü  Flexible: can create a 3-D model, rotate it, view it from different angles

ü  Can “walk-through” a 3-D environment that exists only in the computer’s memory

++ CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products

ü  Computer Aided Design (CAD) software:

Ø  Allows engineers, designers, and architects to create

                designs on screen for products ranging from computer

                chips to public buildings

Ø  Can test product prototypes

Ø  Cheaper, faster, and more accurate than traditional

                design-by-hand techniques

ü  Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the process by which data related to the product design are fed into a program that controls the manufacturing of parts.

ü  Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory.

++ Rules of Thumb: Making Powerful Presentations

ü  Remember your goal.

ü  Remember your audience.

ü  Outline your ideas.

ü  Be stingy with words.

ü  Keep it simple.

ü  Use a consistent design.

ü  Be smart with art.

ü  Keep each slide focused.

ü  Tell them awhat you’re going to tell them, then tell them, then tell them what you told them.

++ Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page

The Synthetic Musician: Computers and Audio

ü  Audio digitizer – captures sound and stores it as a data file

ü  Synthesizer – an electronic instrument that

                synthesizes sounds using mathematical

                formulas

ü  MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital

                Interface) – standard interface that allows

                electronic instruments and computers to

                communicate with each other

Hypertext and Hypermedia

ü  Hypertext refers to information linked in non-sequential ways.

ü  Hypermedia combines text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents.

Ø  Useful for on-line help files

Ø  Lets the user jump between documents all over the Internet

Tugas PK BAB 5

PENGANALAN KOMPUTER BAB

++The Wordsmith’s Toolbox

·         Working with a word processor  involves several steps:

Ø  Entering text

Ø  Editing text

Ø  Formatting the document

Ø  Proofreading the document

Ø  Saving the document on disk

Ø  Printing the documen

·         Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text

Ø  Entering text

Ø  Editing text

Ø  Formatting commands

-Formatting characters

Ø  Characters are measured by point size (one point = 1/72 inch).

Ø  A font is a size and style of typeface.

Ø  Serif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends of each character.

Ø  You can use monospaced fonts and proportionally-spaced fonts.

                             - Formatting paragraphs invo

                             - Formatting the document

++DEKSTOP PUBLISHNG STORY

What Is Desktop Publishing?

ü  The process of producing a book, magazine, or other publication includes several steps:

Ø  Writing text

Ø  Editing text

Ø  Producing drawings, photographs, and other graphics to accompany the text

Ø  Designing a basic format for the publication

Ø  Typesetting text

Ø  Arranging text and graphics on pages

Ø  Typesetting and printing pages

Ø  Binding pages into a finished publication

-SOFWARE OF DEKSTOP PUBLISHING

Ø  Desktop publishing software:

q  Image-editing software

q  Page-layout software combines the various source documents into a coherent, visually appealing publication

•          QuarkXpress

•          PageMaker

•          Adobe InDesign

-Why Desktop Publishing?

•          Saves money

•          Saves time

•          Can reduce the number of publication errors

•          Offers new hope for every individual’s right to publish

Tugas PK BAB 4

PENGENALAN KOMPUTER BAB 4

++Linus Torvalds and the Software
Nobody Owns

ü  Linus Torvalds

Ø  Best known as the Linux creator

q  The Linux operating system is the best-known example of open source software.

q  Today Linux powers Web servers, film and animation workstations, scientific supercomputers, and a handful of handhelds.

ü  The three major categories of software:

ü  OS vs. Application software

ü  Food for Thought

ü  A Fast, Stupid Machine

ü  The Language of Computers

ü  Machine Language: numeric codes that represent data

-High-level language: falls between machine language and natural human language

-Compilers translate high-level language into machine language.

-Natural Languages: resemble languages spoken by human.

++SOFTWARE APLIKASI

ü  Consumer Applications

Ø  Many software companies have replaced their printed documentation with:

q  Tutorials

q  Reference materials

q  Help files

q  On-line help

Ø  Upgrading: Users can upgrade a program to the new version by paying an upgrade fee to the software manufacturer.

q  Newer releases often have additional features and fewer bugs.

Ø  Compatibility

Ø  Disclaimers

• Licensing: Commercial software is copyrighted so it can’t be legally duplicated for distribution to others.

§  Software license

§  Volume licenses

§  Distribution: Software is distributed via:

                                                                                                               i.      Direct sale

                                                                                                             ii.      Retail stores

                                                                                                            iii.      Mail-order catalogs

                                                                                                           iv.      Web sites

                                                                                                             v.      Not all software is copyrighted.

                                             -Public domain software

                                            -  Shareware

++SYSTEM SOFTWARE

ü  Operating system functions:

Ø  Supports multitasking

Ø  Manages virtual memory

Ø  Maintains file system

Ø  Responsible for authentication and authorization

Utility Programs and Device Drivers

ü  Utility programs

Ø  Serve as tools for doing system maintenance and repairs that aren’t automatically handled by the operating system

Ø  Make it easier for users to:

q  Copy files between storage devices

q  Repair damaged data files

q  Translate files so that different programs can read them

q  Guard against viruses and other potentially harmful programs (as described in the chapter on computer security and risks)

q  Compress files so they take up less disk space

q  Perform other important, if unexciting, tasks